Finance

Part One
    The article Why People Dont Help in a Crisis by John M. Darley and Bibb Latane talks about situations wherein people are not able to help others in times of crises and immediate need. This is based on the assumption that these bystanders are mostly unconcerned and depersonalized. The article enumerates various situations and cases, as well as experiments conducted by the authors regarding the responsiveness of people during these times of crises. The article is concluded by saying that bystanders to an emergency arent really unconcerned and depersonalized instead, they are often anguished and doubtful of their actions, torn between doing the right thing and the pressure of stress and fears. The language and the situations used in the article by the authors is directed to an audience of professionals and practitioners in the field of Psychology in order to understand how people react and interact when confronted with a crisis situation.

Part two

A. Logos
    The author establishes the logos of this article by citing several events which show bystanders responsiveness during times of crises. The type of claim the author pose in this text is factual, wherein he makes inferences about the past and present situations related to this matter. This type of claim affects the logos by affirming the credibility of the text, since it shows that the claims are based on actual occurrences. Also provided were several evidences to support their claim, including expert testimony, personal experiences, and hypothetical cases. The authors cite experts but fail to mention their specific names and titles, addressing them only by their jobs. Hypothetical situations were used to establish certain claims regarding bystander responsiveness, and this is either affirmed or debunked using personal experiences through experimentation.

    The evidence used in this article exhibits characteristics of science, because most of them are gathered through experiments and case studies. They conducted these experiments on unassuming respondents in different scenarios. These are scientific evidence because it can be repeated and followed a scientific procedure. Based on the initial assumptions of the authors, we can say that the argument used is deductive, or from a general idea to specific ones. Its because they had to base their experiments first on the assumption that bystanders are generally unresponsive because they are apathetic and unconcerned with other people. They were somehow able to prove and disprove these assumptions through the case studies and experiments performed regarding this matter. This argument contributes to the development of logos because we are able to follow the train of thought of the article, wherein we understand its purpose and the logic behind it.

B. Ethos
    Ethos is established in the article through the language used by the authors in writing it. First of all, the authors are both educated professionals, degree holders in the field of Psychology in well-known universities. We can clearly see from their writing that they are knowledgeable of the topic, and their discussions are backed by outstanding credentials and several years of experience in this field. The authors tone is conversational but authoritative. They understand very well what theyre talking about, and this is evident with their thorough discussions of their experiments and case studies. This impacts the persuasiveness of the text by making it more credible, more convincing that indeed, the authors know very well the topic.

    This particular text is written in order to determine why some people dont help in times of crisis. They aimed to identify situations and factors that relate to a persons responsiveness when others need immediate help. Through the use of successful experiments and case studies, the authors were successful in determining the reasons why some people dont help others in times of need. They were able to let the readers know what could possibly go through the minds of these people, and they were able to debunk the notion that these people are apathetic and unconcerned. The authors failed to address any rebuttals or exceptions because they focused more on the results of their experiments. They based their final words regarding these topics on whats reflected in these experiments. With the language and tone used by the authors, the intended audience was professionals and practitioners in the field of Psychology. Its because the focus of the study was to understand how people think in these situations, to know the reasons behind their action or inaction so that we maybe able to understand their situation more. The text is written to appeal to their specific audience by using the actual results of their experiences as a basis to their claims. Since theyre targeting educated audience knowledgeable in the field of psychology, they presented the results in a manner that they would believe statistics and actual results from the experiments.

C. Pathos
    The emotion elicited by the text is understanding and relief of the reasons why some people dont help in times of crisis. Because of the scientific approach to the topic, the audience is able to understand why indeed some are unresponsive even when confronted with such situations. By clearly explaining the facts behind this matter, the audience is able to understand it fully and be relieved from thoughts of apathy and unconcern from others. There isnt much bias evident in this article, though at some point, the authors are clearly leaning towards proving that unresponsive bystanders are also feeling something. This is because most of their experiments end up with similar results, so at the end, they were convinced that indeed, human emotions overcome bystanders when confronted with these situations. In this article, one hindrance to critical thinking is inattentional blindness. However, an opponent to this argument may also say that a bystander has no obligations whatsoever to the other person in a crisis situation. He might as well say that hes also looking out for his own welfare. Instead of inaattentional blindness, this could be taken as avoidance of the situation. Another defense would be the avoidance of legal obligations, in case someone sues for wrong doings. Again, it is merely an avoidance of the situation rather than cause more damage to the victim.

D. Overall Analysis
    The strength of this article lies on its logos. The article makes a factual claim, based on actual events and situations cited by the authors. They were also able to identify evidences from personal experiences, and most importantly, the results of experiments and case studies. Because of this, the article establishes a strong credibility which it further builds up as it identifies several concepts related to the topic.
    The weakness of the article is its pathos. The authors adopted a language that is conversational and authoritative, but it is more of a retelling of the results of their researches. It is not very appealing to the audiences emotions, which is why the arguments seemed weak and unassertive even though they were based on facts and results of actual experiments.